Abstract: Alien species are organisms introduced to new areas through human activities that have been associated with artificial structures in coastal zones. Offshore wind farms (OWFs), rapidly expanding across marine environments, provide novel artificial surfaces that may facilitate the establishment and spread of alien species in regions lacking natural habitats. In the southern North Sea, offshore energy structures already support such species, with similar patterns observed globally. Despite international and national policies calling for better understanding of alien marine species, . . .
https://www.wind-watch.org/documents/the-potential-of-offshore-wind-farms-to-spread-marine-alien-species/
